Understanding the different types of lies can go a long way in recognizing them and the motivation behind them.
It is important to evaluate the sources and information you use for references whether your purpose for using them is for a research paper, a business discussion, an exchange of ideas with a colleague or friend, or information you are using to base your vote for a particular candidate on.
I have listed several sources of dependable information in this article. It really depends on the media source you choose to listen to. I recommend reading a variety of newspapers, magazines, and books, to get a complete picture of any subject. In other words, read newspapers or watch TV news that is a mix of slants. If you only watch Fox News, you will not get a clear picture of anything, and you may never even hear about something if it isn’t complimentary to the right, or conservatives. You need to mix the conservative and the liberal media outlets that you listen to to get a better idea of what is happening.
A white lie is often called the least serious of all lies. People tell white lies claiming to be tactful or polite. They think that this is a good thing. It’s Not.
Does your favorite TV reporter really know what s/he is talking about? Is the politician you trust most really telling the truth? Is the nonfiction book or article by your favorite author really accurate and factual? What do you know about the person who wrote that ‘forward’ you received in your email? Do you even know that person’s name?
Most people have learned, anyone can write anything in a book or on the Internet. Just because something is in print in any form does not make it accurate and factual. Just because you heard it on Facebook, television or radio, does not make it true. Just because something was stated persuasively, or convincingly, by your favorite politician, actor, singer, author, or best friend, does not make it fact.
Exaggeration is enhancing the truth by adding lies to it. The person who exaggerates usually mixes truths and untruths to make themselves look impressive to others. An exaggerator can weave truth and lies together causing confusion even to the liar. After awhile the exaggerator begins to believe his or her exaggeration.
Do Not Be Fooled, Always Verify the Accuracy of Your Information!
In every case, you should verify that the information someone is giving you is accurate and factual. In every case, you need to determine what is fact and what is opinion. Sometimes the information presented will be extremely incorrect and misleading, especially where politics or products are concerned.
A deceiver tries to create an impression that causes others to be misled, by not telling all the facts, or creating a false impression.
Example “Sometimes I don’t like being seen as smart, so I’ll joke around about how smart I am just to try and get people to think that I’m not that smart. It works sometimes. It doesn’t feel like lying, I guess I’m just pretending to be something I’m not.
Causing deception is a powerful and hurtful tool. It can be very subtle yet deadly.
Know the Difference Between Fact and Opinion, Never Assume!
It is important to know facts from opinion. If you are not sure, it takes only minutes, often just seconds, to verify whether or not a statement is a fact. Opinions cannot be verified because they are not facts.
Research the person who is making the statement. Learn who s/he is and what their agenda has been previously. Does any respected source list them as a credible authority or expert on the subject they are commenting on or promoting?
Everyone talks about the media being objective, yet there is no such thing as objectivity in the media and never has been. From the beginning of newspapers and magazines and other written words, the writer of those periodicals has had an agenda that they are promoting through their writing. Their agenda is their purpose for writing what they write, in the way they write it, in order to sway their reader’s opinion or position on the subject they are writing about.
There are newspapers, magazines, television and radio networks, and even authors who are considered either conservative or liberal depending on their position on the issue they are writing about or reporting. If you are aware of what is referred to as the slant of the reporter’s position on the subject, or the slant of his/her media outlet’s position on the subject (newspaper, television network, etc.), that can help you in judging whether or not the story or report is factual and accurate.
Compulsive lying is often caused by low self-esteem and a need for attention; in fact, the compulsive liar finds it all but impossible to stop. A compulsive liar tells their mistruths even when telling the truth would be easier and better.
Broken promises are a failure to keep one’s spoken commitment or promise. Broken promises can be especially damaging when the person who made the promise had no intentions whatsoever of keeping their word, to begin with.
Who is responsible for verifying the accuracy of online information? The person who will most likely suffer the most if the information found online turns out to be wrong is the person who sought and relied on that information. Therefore it is the responsibility of the seeker and/or user of the information who should verify that the information is accurate.
Freedom of speech makes it possible for anyone to write whatever they wish online within certain limitations. One cannot legally pose as a medical doctor and give medical advice if one is not a licensed physician, for example. The same limitations on spoken free speech apply online, however, there are few limitations to free speech, to begin with. It is in the interest of the user of information to verify its accuracy
Fabrication is telling others something you don’t know for sure is true. Made-up stories are extremely hurtful because they lead to rumors that can damage someone else’s reputation. Spreading rumors is not only a lie but is also stealing another’s reputation.
A bald-faced lie is telling something that everyone knows is a lie. It’s simple and sometimes cute for a little child to tell a bald-faced lie about not Stealing, even though the item was found in his or her backpack.
If you use ambiguous statements, you run the risk of having others misunderstand what you are saying. In some cases, what others think you are saying may be very different from what you were trying to express.
“Categorization is a fundamental cognitive mechanism,” says Earl Miller, Picower Professor at MIT’s Picower Institute for Learning and Memory and the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences. “It’s the way the brain learns to generalize. If your brain didn’t have this ability, you’d be overwhelmed by details of the sensory world. Every time you experienced something, if it was in different lighting or at a different angle, your brain would treat it as a brand new thing.”
All true stories are drawn from real memories they aren’t typically narrated in chronological order; that’s not the way the brain organizes them.
The more dramatic the story, the less chronologic its structure. Why? Because our emotions guide our memories. The more powerfully we experience an event, the more likely we are to make it the first thing we talk about, filling in the less emotionally fraught details later.
The categorization of items and thoughts and events is what allows information to be manipulated misinterpreted and more.
For example, the Fake News excuse or using fear or hate to blame things on the wrong reasons for a problem. That allows miss information and or distraction for what is really going on.
Statements are the kind of sentences that are either true or false. Sentences are ambiguous when they can be used to express several statements. When you have an ambiguous sentence, you need to decide which statement it is being used to express. Questions, commands, and advice are typically not statements, because they do not express something that is either true or false. But sometimes people use them rhetorically to express statements.
Check the author credentials
Who is writing the article that you are reading? Checking this information is a great way to know if the information you are getting is reliable.
On the internet, there are several people talking about things that they barely understand themselves. And while it is OK to read these posts so as to help you to come up with new ideas, you shouldn’t bet your life on them.
So check the author of the text you are reading and google it. Have a look at what they have written before if they are self-made people or what kind of credentials they have.
See if they have a website, a Twitter account, a LinkedIn profile. All this information will become very relevant if you are trying to figure out their credibility as a writer.
The information that you need may be based on statistics and yet there is none on the article you are reading? Then you should turn on your alarm.
Of course, some topics don’t need to rely on data, but articles with too many generic ideas and no tangible examples shouldn’t be taken into consideration for serious purposes.
You can also go and look at yourself for the data that you need and see if it matches what the author is saying to you. If not, just ignore it and deal with it as entertainment.
The Story Process:
The Prologue
Whether it contains details from the beginning and or the end of the story, the prologue sets the scene for the main event.
This part of the story is usually light on detail when someone is telling the truth.
It should only take up about one—third, or less, of the total time it takes to tell the whole story. In a lie, however, the prologue might be quite detailed.
The Primary Section
In a false narrative, the main event section is often glossed over.
An unusually short main event section should give a lie spotter pause. It’s the part of the story that answers the question, “What happened?” Under truthful circumstances, therefore, it should be the focus of someone’s account.
The Finish, epilogue
Ninety percent of the time, a liar’s story will not include an epilogue; he’ll simply conclude with the main event.
An epilogue would require him to fabricate the way the event affected him. But of course it didn’t affect him at all, because it never really happened—or at least it didn’t happen the way he says it did.
Liars will do their best to avoid lying unnecessarily, so once they think they have said what needs to be said, they’ll stop talking. True stories are often jumbled and filled with irrelevant as well as sensory details.
Deceptive stories are often logical and streamlined, yet lacking in vivid sensory explanations and lengthy descriptions.
How can we separate fact from fiction? Are all opinions equal? Does matter exist if no one is there to prove it exists? In late September 2017, in celebration of 25 years of Skeptic magazine and the Skeptics Society combating ‘fake news,’ Dr. Michael Shermer hosted a live variety science show, in partnership with YouTube Space NY, to explore the question: ‘How Can We Know What’s True?’. On the panel: Heather Berli, Michael Shermer, Deepak Chopra, and Prakash Puru Neuroscientist, Dr. Heather Berlin, discusses how we’ve evolved mechanisms of self-deception.
When we are confronted with conflicting evidence to a bias that we have, we can reason our way out of the discomfort that we feel; we can reason away facts so that we can continue to confirm our bias. It’s fair to say we’ve evolved mechanisms to deceive ourselves so that we can feel better. What we perceive internally does not necessarily correlate with reality; we interpret reality. There is a long history of the relationship between skeptics and magicians going back to Houdini debunking psychics pretending to talk to the dead. (By the way, anyone can talk to the dead; it’s getting the dead to talk back — that’s the hard part!) Michael Shermer asks magician, Prakash Puru, what he thinks about the “nature of reality” from the perspective of a master of legerdemain. Prakash mesmerizes the audience demonstrating a spoon-bending trick with the help of Deepak Chopra. Prakash reminds us that magicians fool us by using our assumptions against us. For a brief moment, it feels as though your reality is being challenged.
Other than universities and government documents, here is a list of a few periodicals that are generally respected by most people of high learning, and people who are authorities or experts in their fields:
- The New York Times (liberal)
- The Wall Street Journal (conservative)
- Time Magazine (conservative)
- Newsweek (liberal)
- CBS News (conservative)
- ABC News (liberal)
- New York Post (conservative)
- The Huffington Post (liberal)
- Wikipedia (slant varies)
- WebMD
- Cleveland Clinic
- Mayo Clinic
The above is just a shortlist of well-established, generally accepted credible media entities. This is something you learn from doing a lot of research and reading.
Even though all media outlets lean either liberal or conservative, that does not mean that every reporter or anchor on their staff is of that mindset. There is usually a mix of both perspectives within most news organizations, but the overall slant of these periodicals and media outlets is as stated in the parenthesis. If you understand that when you are listening to or reading their reports and stories, you will have a better understanding of why they are presenting a particular perspective on a story.
The suggestions above are all that you need to start finding reliable and genuine information on the internet. They might mean that you will need to spend some time checking what you read, but this is the price to pay in the beginning.
But, as soon as you have your favorite sources sorted out, you won’t need to be doing it over and over. So take your time verifying what you find online and avoid any problems caused by poorly researched articles in the future.
Below is the complete audiobook The Magic of Reality: How We Know What’s Really True by Richard Dawkins, narrated by the author. The book was originally published on September 15, 2011. Richard Dawkins is an English evolutionary biologist, ethologist, and author. He is an emeritus fellow of New College, Oxford, and was the University of Oxford’s Professor for Public Understanding of Science from 1995 to 2008.
Scientific Method
Whether you are doing a science fair project, a classroom science activity, independent research, or any other hands-on science inquiry understanding the steps of the scientific method will help you focus your scientific question and work through your observations and data to answer the question as well as possible.
It may be tough to figure out who your REAL friends are. However, this video will make it easier for you. Pay attention!
1. ‘What If’ Scenarios
2. Trust Test
3. Experiences
4. They Defend You
5. They Confront You
6. They Compliment You
7. They Comfort You
8. They Grow With You
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